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A programme or program〔See American and British English spelling differences.〕 is a booklet available for patrons attending a live event such as theatre performances, fêtes, sports events, etc. It is a printed leaflet outlining the parts of the event scheduled to take place, principal performers and background information. In the case of theatrical performances, the term ''playbill'' is also used. It may be provided free of charge by the event organisers or a charge may be levied. ==Performing arts== At a theatre, opera, or ballet performance it is usually given at the door in the United States, while it is usually sold in the United Kingdom. The Broadway programme is similar to a television network, in that it makes its money from selling advertisements. A programme company pays the theatre for the rights to produce the production’s programmes, which is contrary to common belief that the theatre pays the programme company.〔Bloom, Ken. ''Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia''. New York: Routland, 2004. (p 281)〕 The programme generally contains photos of the production, a cast list, biographies of the actors and production staff involved, the name of the theatre, background information, and can contain advertisements. For example, the programme for the original production of ''Man of La Mancha'' contained articles by the staff about how the production was created. The first theatre programmes were issued in the mid-nineteenth century in magazine format.〔(A History of Playbills & Theatre Programs )〕 The original theatre programme first appeared in the 18th century. The early playbills were basic, with only enough pages to list the cast members and information on the play's locale and scenes. There were usually only four pages: the cover advertised the show, a back page displayed the theatre layout, and the two interior pages listed all the credits.〔Bordman, Gerald and Thomas Hischak. ''The Oxford Companion to American Theatre''. New York: Oxford Uni. Press, 2004. (p 502)〕 Not all early programmes were printed, but written by hand or cut and pasted together from the letters of other printed documents. The latter was especially done by theatre entrepreneur Sarah Baker, who owned several theatres in Kent, during the late 18th century.〔Russell, Gillian. ''1765 Theatre Playbill: The Earliest Surviving Document Printed In Australia''. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/bookshow/stories/2008/2285731.htm〕 In early British theatre the cast was very important. Audiences were very familiar with leading actors and a particular player could draw a larger crowd. The programme was a kind of contract between the theatre and the audience, because if an audience paid to see a particular actor and they were not presented, then there was the immediate risk of crowd hissing, orange throwing, or even rioting. This sometimes resulted in property damage and physical assault.〔p. 3〕 Programmes were not only distributed in theatres, but also on the streets. The distributors were often women who worked for the theatre by selling oranges as refreshments to audiences. It has been alluded to that these women were also prostitutes. However, there was still a large rate of illiteracy among theatre goers. This resulted in companies of actors traversing urban streets with a beating drum while announcing upcoming venues.〔p. 3.〕 By the 19th century, the programmes, similar to today's, were being printed. However, the earlier playbills of the 18th century still contained more designs and information about a production.〔Bloom, Ken. ''Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia''. New York: Routland, 2004. (p 279)〕 By 1884, advertisements became a standard appearance in playbills. Beginning in New York City, the first company to specialize in printing theatrical programmes was founded by an Ohio business man, Frank Vance Strauss. By 1911, the company was called the ''Strauss Magazine Theatre Program''.〔 On September 23, 1920, the company, then known as the ''New York Theatre Program Corporation'', advertised its sales at a million and a half per month.〔"Printer's Ink," no. 112: 45〕 This corporation was the early foundation for the modern day magazine, Playbill.〔Botto, Louis.'' At This Theatre: 100 Years of Broadway Shows, Stories, and Stars''. New York: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books, 2002. (p xiii)〕 During World War II, British theatre programmes underwent a dramatic change as the government placed restrictions over paper use. The programme turned back into a single sheet of paper folded over once to efficiently create four available pages for text. Not until the 1970s were photo printed programmes available and widely distributed at British theatres. The American Playbill did not suffer as severely during the second World War and was still published at a regular rate.〔 Theatre programmes have become very valuable articles of information for a city or nation's cultural history. A fine example was Australia's celebration in 2008 over the returning of its earliest surviving document from Canada, which was a theatre playbill from 1796. The playbill advertised the production of ''The Tragedy of Jane Shore''. George Hughes, a convict aboard the First Fleet, printed the playbill from Australia’s first printing press.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Programme (booklet)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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